1 00:00:04,720 --> 00:00:07,479 THIS IS "STEM IN 30." 2 00:00:07,479 --> 00:00:10,769 WHAT'S OUR TOPIC, MARTY? 3 00:00:10,769 --> 00:00:11,960 >> THIS IS YOUR SHOW. 4 00:00:11,960 --> 00:00:14,380 I PLANNED THE LAST ONE. 5 00:00:14,380 --> 00:00:20,609 >> UM, WAIT A MINUTE, THAT SOUNDS LIKE BLAKING NEWS FROM 6 00:00:20,609 --> 00:00:21,800 NICK PARTIDGE. 7 00:00:21,800 --> 00:00:23,969 LET'S SEE WHAT HE HAS TO SAY. 8 00:00:23,969 --> 00:00:26,210 >> LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, WE INTERRUPT YOUR REGULARLY 9 00:00:26,210 --> 00:00:29,570 SCHEDULED "STEM IN 30" PROGRAM TO BRING YOU THIS SPECIAL 10 00:00:29,570 --> 00:00:30,570 REPORT. 11 00:00:30,570 --> 00:00:33,360 I'M STANDING HERE LIVE IN FRONT OF THE PHOEBE WATERMAN HAAS 12 00:00:33,360 --> 00:00:36,910 PUBLIC OBSERVATORY IN WASHINGTON, D.C., WHERE ABOUT 20 13 00:00:36,910 --> 00:00:40,760 MINUTES AGO, ASTRONOMY EDUCATOR SHAUNA EDSON REPORTED OBSERVING 14 00:00:40,760 --> 00:00:44,390 SEVERAL LARGE EXPLOSIONS OF INCANDESCENT GAS ON THE SURFACE 15 00:00:44,390 --> 00:00:45,390 OF MARS. 16 00:00:45,390 --> 00:00:49,510 THE SUSPECT SCOPE INDICATES THAT IT IS HYDROGEN AND IS HEADED 17 00:00:49,510 --> 00:00:52,200 TOWARDS EARTH AT ENORMOUS VELOCITY. 18 00:00:52,200 --> 00:00:57,280 IT'S REPORTED THE PHENOMENON AS "LIKE A JET OF BLUE FLAME SHOT 19 00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:59,410 FROM A GUN." 20 00:00:59,410 --> 00:01:02,240 IT IS OUR BELIEF THAT MARTIANS HAVE LAUNCHED SHIPS TOWARDS 21 00:01:02,240 --> 00:01:04,379 EARTH TO BEGIN AN INVASION. 22 00:01:04,379 --> 00:01:07,409 ONE THING IS CERTAIN, THERE IS NO STOPPING THEM. 23 00:01:07,409 --> 00:01:15,920 LET'S GO TO FOOTAGE NOW FROM NASA. 24 00:01:15,920 --> 00:01:30,200 \M\M >> STOP! 25 00:01:30,200 --> 00:01:37,350 STOP! 26 00:01:37,350 --> 00:01:38,610 THAT'S NOT MARS INVADING EARTH. 27 00:01:38,610 --> 00:01:40,190 THIS IS EARTH INVADING MARS. 28 00:01:40,190 --> 00:01:41,490 WHERE ARE BETH AND MARTY? 29 00:01:41,490 --> 00:01:43,490 WE'VE GOT TO GET THIS RIGHT. 30 00:01:43,490 --> 00:01:48,390 BETH, MARTY, THERE SEEMS TO BE A LOT OF CONFUSION OUT THERE ABOUT 31 00:01:48,390 --> 00:01:49,390 MARS. 32 00:01:49,390 --> 00:01:50,470 I THINK WE COULD STRAIGHTEN IT OUT. 33 00:01:50,470 --> 00:01:52,110 >> I THINK WE FOUND OUR TOPIC. 34 00:01:52,110 --> 00:01:53,270 >> DO YOU HAVE TIME? 35 00:01:53,270 --> 00:01:54,710 >> WE HAVE ABOUT 30 MINUTES. 36 00:01:54,710 --> 00:01:55,870 >> I'M NEW HERE. 37 00:01:55,870 --> 00:02:01,530 WHY 30 MINUTES? 38 00:02:01,530 --> 00:02:20,600 >> WELL, BECAUSE†-- >> THIS IS "STEM IN 30." 39 00:02:20,600 --> 00:02:34,270 \M\M >> THIS IS "STEM IN 30." 40 00:02:34,270 --> 00:02:39,670 \M\M >> HI. 41 00:02:39,670 --> 00:02:42,360 AND NOW WE'RE COMING TO YOU LIVE FROM THE NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE 42 00:02:42,360 --> 00:02:45,090 MUSEUM IN THE EXPLORING THE PLANETS GALLERY. 43 00:02:45,090 --> 00:02:47,560 >> AND THIS GALLERY REALLY DOES SHOW THAT IF YOU SET YOUR MIND 44 00:02:47,560 --> 00:02:49,880 TO IT, YOU CAN ACCOMPLISH ANYTHING. 45 00:02:49,880 --> 00:02:51,020 LET'S GO LOOK AROUND. 46 00:02:51,020 --> 00:02:52,990 >> LET'S TAKE A LOOK. 47 00:02:52,990 --> 00:02:55,040 >> HERE IN THE EXPLORING THE PLANETS GALLERY, YOU CAN 48 00:02:55,040 --> 00:02:58,730 DISCOVER THE PLANETS, MOONS, ASTEROIDS, DWARF PLANETS AND 49 00:02:58,730 --> 00:03:02,410 COMETS IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM AND LEARN ABOUT THE SPACECRAFT THAT 50 00:03:02,410 --> 00:03:05,500 TRAVELED GREAT DISTANCES TO STUDY THEM. 51 00:03:05,500 --> 00:03:09,230 >> IN THIS GALLERY, YOU'LL FIND THREE GENERATIONS OF MARS ROVERS 52 00:03:09,230 --> 00:03:12,270 AS WELL AS THE "STARDUST" CAPSULE, WHICH WAS THE FIRST TO 53 00:03:12,270 --> 00:03:14,810 BRING BACK A SAMPLE FROM A COMET. 54 00:03:14,810 --> 00:03:17,459 >> THERE'S ALSO THE BLINK COMPARATOR, WHICH CLYDE TOMBAUGH 55 00:03:17,459 --> 00:03:20,269 USED TO DISCOVER PLUTO IN 1930. 56 00:03:20,269 --> 00:03:23,129 >> OF COURSE, THERE'S ALSO A FULL-SCALE MODEL OF THE NEW 57 00:03:23,129 --> 00:03:27,470 HORIZONS SPACECRAFT, WHICH IN 2015 SHOWED US THE HEART OF 58 00:03:32,769 --> 00:03:30,620 PLUTO. 59 00:03:32,769 --> 00:03:33,769 THAT'S FOR ANOTHER SHOW. 60 00:03:33,769 --> 00:03:34,900 TODAY WE'RE TALKING ABOUT MARS. 61 00:03:34,900 --> 00:03:37,319 >> BUT BEFORE WE GET STARTED, LET'S WELCOME OUR STUDENTS 62 00:03:37,319 --> 00:03:38,819 TODAY, WHITTIER EDUCATION CAMPUS. 63 00:03:38,819 --> 00:03:40,459 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR COMING IN. 64 00:03:40,459 --> 00:03:43,050 WE CAN'T WAIT TO HEAR YOUR QUESTIONS LATER IN THE SHOW. 65 00:03:43,050 --> 00:03:46,209 >> AND WE'D LIKE TO WELCOME OUR ONLINE VIEWERS AND VIEWERS ON 66 00:03:46,209 --> 00:03:47,540 NASA TV. 67 00:03:47,540 --> 00:03:51,060 YOU CAN SUBMIT LIVE QUESTIONS, AND PERHAPS WE'LL ANSWER THEM 68 00:03:51,060 --> 00:03:52,060 DURING THE SHOW. 69 00:03:52,060 --> 00:03:54,280 >> WE HAVE AN EXPERT STANDING BY TO ANSWER THEM, IF YOU SUBMIT 70 00:03:54,280 --> 00:03:55,820 THEM ONLINE AS WELL. 71 00:03:55,820 --> 00:04:01,500 >> OKAY, SO, WHAT WE HAVE FIRST TODAY IS SOME STUDENTS WHO HAVE 72 00:04:01,500 --> 00:04:06,980 GOT A BIG QUESTION FOR US, SO LET'S TAKE A LISTEN TO THEIR 73 00:04:06,980 --> 00:04:07,980 QUESTION. 74 00:04:07,980 --> 00:04:10,569 >> HI, I'M STEPHANIE FROM LIBERTY, MISSOURI. 75 00:04:10,569 --> 00:04:14,670 >> AND WE ARE WANTING TO KNOW, WHY IS THERE SUCH A FASCINATION 76 00:04:14,670 --> 00:04:15,670 WITH MARS? 77 00:04:15,670 --> 00:04:17,940 >> WELL, WE'RE GOING TO SPEND THE NEXT 30 MINUTES TALKING 78 00:04:17,940 --> 00:04:21,090 ABOUT WHY THERE'S A FASCINATION WITH MARS, BUT RIGHT NOW I'M 79 00:04:21,090 --> 00:04:22,190 JOINED BY DR. 80 00:04:22,190 --> 00:04:24,030 JOHN GRANT, ONE OF THE SCIENTISTS HERE AT THE 81 00:04:24,030 --> 00:04:25,030 MUSEUM. 82 00:04:25,030 --> 00:04:26,030 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US. 83 00:04:26,030 --> 00:04:27,030 >> MY PLEASURE. 84 00:04:27,030 --> 00:04:28,030 HI, GUYS! 85 00:04:28,030 --> 00:04:30,999 >> JOHN, WHAT GOT YOU INTERESTED IN MARS? 86 00:04:30,999 --> 00:04:34,400 >> WHEN I GREW UP IN NORTHERN NEW YORK STATE, I LOOKED OUT 87 00:04:34,400 --> 00:04:36,510 AROUND ME AND I SAW LAKES AND I SAW RIVERS. 88 00:04:36,510 --> 00:04:40,460 AND WHEN I WAS A TEENAGER, THE VIKING LANDERS LANDED ON MARS. 89 00:04:40,460 --> 00:04:44,050 AND LO AND BEHOLD, I SAW DRY LAKES AND DRY RIVERS IN TERMS OF 90 00:04:44,050 --> 00:04:47,010 THE IMAGES, AND IT REALLY MADE ME THINK ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY 91 00:04:47,010 --> 00:04:48,430 THAT THERE COULD HAVE BEEN LIFE ON MARS. 92 00:04:48,430 --> 00:04:51,360 >> NOW, PART OF YOUR JOB IS WORKING WITH MARS ROVERS, SO YOU 93 00:04:51,360 --> 00:04:54,380 GET TO DRIVE THESE THINGS AND GO OUT AND DISCOVER THINGS. 94 00:04:54,380 --> 00:04:57,160 SO, DO YOU SIT IN YOUR OFFICE WITH, YOU KNOW, LIKE A GAME 95 00:04:57,160 --> 00:05:01,680 CONSOLE WHERE YOU TURN IT AND PUSH THE GAS, MOVE IT AROUND? 96 00:05:01,680 --> 00:05:04,610 >> I WISH, BUT IT TURNS OUT THAT YOU CAN'T DRIVE A ROVER ON MARS 97 00:05:04,610 --> 00:05:06,380 THAT WAY FOR A COUPLE REASONS. 98 00:05:06,380 --> 00:05:08,560 ONE, YOU WANT TO MAKE SURE YOU DON'T DRIVE INTO SOMETHING, BUT 99 00:05:08,560 --> 00:05:12,500 REALLY BECAUSE MARS IS SO FAR AWAY THAT IT TAKES A LONG TIME 100 00:05:12,500 --> 00:05:14,919 FOR THE SIGNAL TO GET FROM EARTH TO MARS AND BACK. 101 00:05:14,919 --> 00:05:16,379 SO, THERE'S A DELAY. 102 00:05:16,379 --> 00:05:18,840 YOU WOULDN'T REALLY BE ABLE TO DO THINGS IN REALTIME BECAUSE 103 00:05:18,840 --> 00:05:20,960 YOU WOULDN'T BE ABLE TO SEE WHERE YOU WENT. 104 00:05:20,960 --> 00:05:24,280 >> NOW, IF ONE OF THE ROVERS IS DRIVING ALONG, AND LET'S SAY 105 00:05:24,280 --> 00:05:28,110 THERE'S A HOLE, DOES IT JUST FALL INTO THE HOLE? 106 00:05:28,110 --> 00:05:29,110 >> NO. 107 00:05:29,110 --> 00:05:31,680 WHAT WE DO THROUGH THE ROVER PLANNERS AT THE JET PROPULSION 108 00:05:31,680 --> 00:05:35,080 LAB IS PLAN WHAT WE CALL KEEP-OUT ZONES, THINGS THAT ARE 109 00:05:35,080 --> 00:05:37,900 HAZARDS, THINGS THAT ARE OUTSIDE THE BOUNDS OF WHERE WE WANT TO 110 00:05:37,900 --> 00:05:40,560 GO ARE CONSIDERED OFF LIMITS. 111 00:05:40,560 --> 00:05:43,980 BUT THEN THE ROVER ALSO HAS SORT OF HAZARD AVOIDANCE THINGS. 112 00:05:43,980 --> 00:05:46,930 SO, IF THERE'S SOMETHING THAT POPS UP UNEXPECTEDLY, WHICH HAS 113 00:05:46,930 --> 00:05:50,430 NEVER HAPPENED, IT WOULD KNOW NOT TO DRIVE OFF A CLIFF. 114 00:05:50,430 --> 00:05:52,759 >> WELL, WE HAVE SOME FRIENDS WHO ARE ACTUALLY TRYING TO 115 00:05:52,759 --> 00:05:56,000 PROGRAM SOME ROBOTS. 116 00:05:56,000 --> 00:05:57,819 DO YOU WANT TO SEE HOW THEY'RE DOING? 117 00:05:57,819 --> 00:05:59,449 >> I'M CURIOUS IF THEY DO BETTER THAN WE DO. 118 00:05:59,449 --> 00:06:00,660 >> OKAY, LET'S TAKE A LOOK. 119 00:06:00,660 --> 00:06:03,530 >> ALL RIGHT, WE'VE GOT A COUPLE FRIENDS HERE GETTING READY TO 120 00:06:03,530 --> 00:06:05,449 DRIVE SOME STEROID ROVERS. 121 00:06:05,449 --> 00:06:08,900 THE WAY THIS WORKS IS YOU PLOT A COURSE FOR THEM ON THE iPAD AND 122 00:06:08,900 --> 00:06:10,040 THEN GO. 123 00:06:10,040 --> 00:06:11,570 SO YOU HAVE TO PREPLOT YOUR COURSE. 124 00:06:11,570 --> 00:06:13,260 WE HAVE A COUPLE CRATERS OVER HERE. 125 00:06:13,260 --> 00:06:19,389 I WANT TO SEE IF YOU GUYS CAN END UP IN ONE OF THOSE CRATERS. 126 00:06:19,389 --> 00:06:22,970 GIVE IT A TRY. 127 00:06:22,970 --> 00:06:24,770 KEEP GOING. 128 00:06:24,770 --> 00:06:30,530 SEE IF YOU CAN HIT THAT MARK THERE. 129 00:06:30,530 --> 00:06:36,280 WELL, YOU GUYS ARE ALL†-- THAT WAS REALLY†-- YOU DID IT! 130 00:06:36,280 --> 00:06:37,280 GREAT JOB! 131 00:06:37,280 --> 00:06:38,280 NICE WORK. 132 00:06:38,280 --> 00:06:41,050 I WILL TELL YOU GUYS, I AM TREMENDOUSLY BAD AT THIS, SO YOU 133 00:06:41,050 --> 00:06:43,400 GUYS DID A MUCH, MUCH BETTER JOB. 134 00:06:43,400 --> 00:06:45,180 BETH, THESE GUYS ARE ON A ROLL. 135 00:06:45,180 --> 00:06:47,599 LET'S GO BACK OVER TO YOU AND JOHN. 136 00:06:47,599 --> 00:06:50,580 >> DO YOU THINK THEY COULD BE YOUR NEXT MARS ROVERS DRIVERS? 137 00:06:50,580 --> 00:06:52,319 >> I KNOW I COULDN'T DO THAT. 138 00:06:52,319 --> 00:06:55,880 >> IT LOOKS A LITTLE HARDER THAN ONE MIGHT EXPECT, THOUGH. 139 00:06:55,880 --> 00:06:56,880 >> EXACTLY, EXACTLY. 140 00:06:56,880 --> 00:06:58,409 I THINK IT'S KIND OF COMPLICATED. 141 00:06:58,409 --> 00:06:59,409 >> YEAH. 142 00:06:59,409 --> 00:07:01,750 WELL, THEY HAVE ANOTHER ROVER THAT THEY'RE TRYING OUT OVER 143 00:07:01,750 --> 00:07:02,750 THERE. 144 00:07:02,750 --> 00:07:03,750 THIS ONE'S GOT A LITTLE CAMERA. 145 00:07:03,750 --> 00:07:04,759 SHOULD WE GO BACK AND SEE†-- >> SURE, LET'S SEE HOW THEY DO 146 00:07:04,759 --> 00:07:05,759 THAT WITH. 147 00:07:05,759 --> 00:07:06,759 >>†-- IF THIS IS BETTER? 148 00:07:06,759 --> 00:07:09,400 >> ALL RIGHT, WE'VE GOT ANOTHER FRIEND HERE, AND HE'S GOING TO 149 00:07:09,400 --> 00:07:10,400 DRIVE THIS ONE. 150 00:07:10,400 --> 00:07:11,740 NOW, HOLD ON, HOLD ON, HOLD ON. 151 00:07:11,740 --> 00:07:12,840 YOU'RE GETTING REAL ANXIOUS HERE. 152 00:07:12,840 --> 00:07:15,800 NOW, WE HAVE GOT THIS ROVER AND IT'S GOT A CAMERA ON IT, BUT 153 00:07:15,800 --> 00:07:18,600 JUST LOOKING AT THE TERRAIN HERE, THAT'S TOO EASY AND NOT 154 00:07:18,600 --> 00:07:21,120 LIKE WHAT WE DO ON MARS, SO WHAT WE'RE GOING TO DO IS WE'RE GOING 155 00:07:21,120 --> 00:07:22,390 TO TURN YOU AROUND. 156 00:07:22,390 --> 00:07:25,819 NOW, WE HAVE GOT KIND OF A TARGET OUT HERE WE WANT YOU TO 157 00:07:25,819 --> 00:07:26,819 TRY TO FIND. 158 00:07:26,819 --> 00:07:29,009 SO, SEE IF YOU CAN DRIVE THAT ROVER WITHOUT ACTUALLY LOOKING 159 00:07:29,009 --> 00:07:32,520 WHERE YOU'RE GOING, OTHER THAN THE CAMERA ON BOARD. 160 00:07:32,520 --> 00:07:39,550 SO, WHAT'S GOING ON? 161 00:07:39,550 --> 00:07:48,199 LOOKS LIKE YOU'RE UP AGAINST SOME MOUNTAINS THERE. 162 00:07:48,199 --> 00:07:52,110 I LIKE HOW YOU'RE TAKING THE SMALL STEPS THERE. 163 00:07:52,110 --> 00:07:56,400 NOT QUITE AS EASY AS IT LOOKS, IS IT? 164 00:07:56,400 --> 00:07:57,430 WHAT'S HARD ABOUT IT? 165 00:07:57,430 --> 00:08:01,689 >> JUST LOOKING IN THE CAMERA AND TURNING. 166 00:08:01,689 --> 00:08:05,340 >> ALL RIGHT, WELL, BETH, WE'RE DRIVING. 167 00:08:05,340 --> 00:08:06,470 YOU DON'T NEED ANY ROADS. 168 00:08:06,470 --> 00:08:08,070 SO, LET'S GO BACK OVER TO YOU. 169 00:08:08,070 --> 00:08:10,540 >> YEAH, THEY DON'T NEED ANY ROADS, BUT THEY MIGHT NEED SOME 170 00:08:10,540 --> 00:08:12,530 WORK WITH DRIVING THAT ROVER AROUND. 171 00:08:12,530 --> 00:08:14,060 EVEN THAT'S A LITTLE MORE DIFFICULT. 172 00:08:14,060 --> 00:08:16,590 >> I THINK THAT'S RIGHT, BUT IT IS A LITTLE BIT LIKE THE WAY WE 173 00:08:16,590 --> 00:08:19,880 DRIVE THE ROVERS ON MARS, WHERE WE DRIVE AWAY, TAKE SOME 174 00:08:19,880 --> 00:08:23,010 PICTURES, AND THEN CREATE, ESSENTIALLY, A LANDSCAPE THAT WE 175 00:08:23,010 --> 00:08:24,429 DRIVE INTO THE NEXT DAY. 176 00:08:24,429 --> 00:08:26,310 >> WELL, ARE YOU READY FOR SOME QUESTIONS? 177 00:08:26,310 --> 00:08:27,310 >> SURE. 178 00:08:27,310 --> 00:08:28,310 >> LET'S START WITH A VIDEO QUESTION. 179 00:08:28,310 --> 00:08:29,310 >> OKAY. 180 00:08:29,310 --> 00:08:30,750 >> MY NAME IS McKAYLA, AND MY QUESTION IS, WHEN DID THE FIRST 181 00:08:30,750 --> 00:08:32,929 ROBOT EMERGE ON MARS? 182 00:08:32,929 --> 00:08:36,339 >> WHAT WAS THE FIRST ROBOT ON MARS? 183 00:08:36,339 --> 00:08:39,349 >> THE FIRST ROBOT THAT LANDED ON MARS AND SUCCESSFULLY 184 00:08:39,349 --> 00:08:41,599 OPERATED WERE THE VIKING LANDERS IN 1976. 185 00:08:41,599 --> 00:08:46,399 AS I SAID EARLIER, THAT'S WHAT PIQUED MY INTEREST IN PLANETARY 186 00:08:46,399 --> 00:08:47,399 GEOLOGY. 187 00:08:47,399 --> 00:08:48,459 >> SO, WE'VE BEEN ON MARS FOR A WHILE. 188 00:08:48,459 --> 00:08:50,100 >> YES, WE HAVE. 189 00:08:50,100 --> 00:08:51,589 >> LET'S TRY AN ONLINE QUESTION. 190 00:08:51,589 --> 00:08:53,269 LET'S SEE. 191 00:08:53,269 --> 00:08:57,299 ARE THERE PLACES ON MARS WHERE THE ROVERS CAN'T GO? 192 00:08:57,299 --> 00:08:59,920 >> THERE'S TWO KINDS OF PLACES THE ROVER CAN'T GO. 193 00:08:59,920 --> 00:09:01,319 ONE HAS TO DO WITH HAZARDS. 194 00:09:01,319 --> 00:09:05,059 IF THE HILL IS TOO STEEP, IF THE ROCKS ARE TOO BIG, WE CAN'T GO 195 00:09:05,059 --> 00:09:06,439 TO THOSE PLACES. 196 00:09:06,439 --> 00:09:10,179 THE OTHER KIND OF PLACE WE CAN'T GO IS WHERE THERE MIGHT BE LIFE 197 00:09:10,179 --> 00:09:11,179 ON MARS. 198 00:09:11,179 --> 00:09:14,100 WE DON'T KNOW IF THERE'S LIFE ON MARS, BUT THERE'S PLACES WHERE, 199 00:09:14,100 --> 00:09:16,800 IF THERE IS, IT'S LIKELY TO OCCUR, PLACES WHERE THERE MIGHT 200 00:09:16,800 --> 00:09:17,869 BE LIQUID WATER TODAY. 201 00:09:17,869 --> 00:09:20,430 SO, THOSE ARE SORT OF STEER CLEAR PLACES AS WELL. 202 00:09:20,430 --> 00:09:23,100 >> OKAY, I THINK WE HAVE A STUDENT WHO HAS A REALLY GREAT 203 00:09:23,100 --> 00:09:25,809 QUESTION ABOUT TAKING PICTURES? 204 00:09:25,809 --> 00:09:28,660 COME ON UP. 205 00:09:28,660 --> 00:09:39,089 >> IS THERE A SCIENTIFIC REASON FOR THE ROVER TO TAKE SELFIES? 206 00:09:39,089 --> 00:09:41,009 >> THERE IS. 207 00:09:41,009 --> 00:09:44,350 THE ROVERS TAKE SELFIES FOR TWO REASONS. 208 00:09:44,350 --> 00:09:47,439 ONE, BECAUSE USUALLY WE'VE JUST DRILLED A HOLE IN THE ROCKS AND 209 00:09:47,439 --> 00:09:51,119 IT ALLOWS US TO PROVIDE CONTEXT FOR WHERE THE DRILL HOLE IS, THE 210 00:09:51,119 --> 00:09:53,600 THINGS AROUND IT, AND WHERE THE ROVER WAS SITTING. 211 00:09:53,600 --> 00:09:57,040 THE OTHER TIME THAT WE TAKE SELFIES IS TO UNDERSTAND WHAT'S 212 00:09:57,040 --> 00:09:59,399 HAPPENING WITH THE ROVER, TO LOOK DOWN, FOR EXAMPLE, ON 213 00:09:59,399 --> 00:10:02,579 OPPORTUNITY AND SEE HOW MUCH DUST HAS ACCUMULATED ON THE 214 00:10:02,579 --> 00:10:03,579 SOLAR PANELS. 215 00:10:03,579 --> 00:10:06,089 SO, THERE IS BOTH OPERATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC REASONS. 216 00:10:06,089 --> 00:10:07,550 >> IT'S NOT JUST FOR THEIR FACEBOOK PAGE. 217 00:10:07,550 --> 00:10:10,230 >> NO, NOT JUST FOR THEIR FACEBOOK PAGE. 218 00:10:10,230 --> 00:10:12,339 >> WE HAVE ANOTHER VIDEO QUESTION. 219 00:10:12,339 --> 00:10:13,339 >> OKAY. 220 00:10:13,339 --> 00:10:14,339 >> WATCH. 221 00:10:14,339 --> 00:10:17,350 >> HI, MY NAME'S McKAYLA, AND MY QUESTION IS, WHY IS IT IMPORTANT 222 00:10:17,350 --> 00:10:19,069 THAT WE FOUND WATER ON MARS? 223 00:10:19,069 --> 00:10:21,749 >> WHY IS IT IMPORTANT THAT WE FOUND WATER ON MARS? 224 00:10:21,749 --> 00:10:24,509 >> WELL, I STARTED TO SAY THIS A LITTLE BIT EARLIER AND THEN I 225 00:10:24,509 --> 00:10:25,639 LOST MY TRAIN OF THOUGHT. 226 00:10:25,639 --> 00:10:29,850 BUT REALLY, WATER IS SOMETHING ON THE EARTH THAT WE ASSOCIATE 227 00:10:29,850 --> 00:10:30,850 WITH LIFE. 228 00:10:30,850 --> 00:10:32,249 WHERE WE FIND WATER, WE FIND LIFE. 229 00:10:32,249 --> 00:10:36,220 AND SO, THE IDEA IS THAT, IF ON MARS WE'VE GOT LIQUID WATER, 230 00:10:36,220 --> 00:10:38,829 THEN POTENTIALLY THAT RELATIONSHIP HOLDS TRUE, BECAUSE 231 00:10:38,829 --> 00:10:42,240 WATER IS THE KEY TO MANY OF THE KINDS OF THINGS THAT LIFE NEEDS 232 00:10:42,240 --> 00:10:43,449 TO GET GOING. 233 00:10:43,449 --> 00:10:46,660 >> WELL, WE WERE ABLE TO TALK TO SOME ASTRONAUTS, AND WE GOT 234 00:10:46,660 --> 00:10:47,740 THEIR THOUGHTS ON MARS. 235 00:10:47,740 --> 00:10:49,790 SO, DO YOU WANT TO TAKE A LOOK AT WHAT THEY HAD TO SAY? 236 00:10:49,790 --> 00:10:51,920 >> I WOULD LOVE TO. 237 00:10:51,920 --> 00:10:55,079 >> LET'S SEE. 238 00:10:55,079 --> 00:10:59,989 >> WELL, YOU'RE LOOKING FOR THE SIGNATURE OF LIFE, YEAH, BECAUSE 239 00:10:59,989 --> 00:11:02,879 YOU KNOW, IT'S NOT GOING TO BE SOMEBODY STANDING UP GOING, "HI, 240 00:11:02,879 --> 00:11:03,879 WELCOME TO MARS!" 241 00:11:03,879 --> 00:11:06,959 SO, YOU'RE LOOKING FOR THINGS LIKE CARBON DIOXIDE THAT WE 242 00:11:06,959 --> 00:11:10,749 BREATHE OUT, OR IT'S AN ANAEROBIC SYSTEM, ONE WITHOUT 243 00:11:10,749 --> 00:11:14,360 OXYGEN, YOU MIGHT GET SULFUR DIOXIDE OR SULFUR-BASED 244 00:11:14,360 --> 00:11:15,360 COMPOUNDS. 245 00:11:15,360 --> 00:11:18,739 THERE ARE A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT THINGS THAT YOU COULD BE LOOKING 246 00:11:18,739 --> 00:11:23,610 FOR, AND YOU HAVE TO HONE IN ON WHAT'S THERE AND THEN REFINE IT. 247 00:11:23,610 --> 00:11:31,439 SO, IT'S AN ITERATIVE PROCESS, LIKE MOST SCIENCES. 248 00:11:31,439 --> 00:11:35,130 >> WELL, I WAS THERE IN SPACE FOR ABOUT 6 MONTHS, 5†1/2 249 00:11:35,130 --> 00:11:38,829 MONTHS, AND MY SKELETON, YOU KNOW, LOST A LOT OF WEIGHT. 250 00:11:38,829 --> 00:11:40,679 MY MUSCLES CHANGED. 251 00:11:40,679 --> 00:11:42,579 MY EYES CHANGED. 252 00:11:42,579 --> 00:11:44,779 MY WAY OF SEEING THINGS CHANGED. 253 00:11:44,779 --> 00:11:49,329 AND SO, WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND ALL THIS MECHANISM, THE IMPACT 254 00:11:49,329 --> 00:11:52,920 THAT WE HAVE ON OUR BODY, AND WE NEED TO MAKE SURE THAT WE HAVE 255 00:11:52,920 --> 00:11:56,590 THE CAPABILITY TO PRESERVING THE BODY, THE FUNCTIONALITY OF THE 256 00:11:56,590 --> 00:12:00,209 BODY OVER THIS LONG PERIOD OF TIME, WHICH IS TWO TO THREE 257 00:12:00,209 --> 00:12:01,209 YEARS. 258 00:12:01,209 --> 00:12:04,179 >> WE'RE LOOKING AT WAYS TO PROVIDE ASTRONAUTS WITH 259 00:12:04,179 --> 00:12:05,179 AUTONOMY. 260 00:12:05,179 --> 00:12:07,429 IF I CALL THE GROUND FROM THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, I 261 00:12:07,429 --> 00:12:09,179 GET AN IMMEDIATE RESPONSE. 262 00:12:09,179 --> 00:12:12,569 BUT IF I'M TRAVELING AND I'M NEAR THE MARTIAN SURFACE, IT'S 263 00:12:12,569 --> 00:12:14,670 GOING TO TAKE A LONG TIME TO GET THAT RESPONSE. 264 00:12:14,670 --> 00:12:18,319 SO, ASTRONAUTS AND THE GROUND TEAM THAT SUPPORT THEM ARE GOING 265 00:12:18,319 --> 00:12:20,420 TO NEED TO FIGURE OUT HOW TO DEAL WITH THOSE TYPE OF 266 00:12:20,420 --> 00:12:21,659 PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES. 267 00:12:21,659 --> 00:12:23,779 >> TELL YOU THERE'S TWO BIG CHALLENGES. 268 00:12:23,779 --> 00:12:26,769 ONE IS THE TRANSPORTATION TO GET THERE, AND THEN THE SECOND HAS 269 00:12:26,769 --> 00:12:27,769 TO DO WITH HEALTH. 270 00:12:27,769 --> 00:12:31,230 WHEN YOU LOOK AT TRANSPORTATION, NOW WE'RE GOING 30 MILLION TO 271 00:12:31,230 --> 00:12:34,439 250 MILLION MILES AWAY, DEPENDING ON HOW THE PLANETS ARE 272 00:12:34,439 --> 00:12:35,439 ALIGNED. 273 00:12:35,439 --> 00:12:37,119 IT'S A LONG TIME TO GET THERE. 274 00:12:37,119 --> 00:12:40,160 IT'S A BIG DISTANCE, SO WE NEED A VEHICLE THAT CAN GET US THERE. 275 00:12:40,160 --> 00:12:43,850 WHEN YOU TALK ABOUT HEALTH, HOW ARE WE GOING TO REACT BEING IN 276 00:12:43,850 --> 00:12:46,799 SPACE FOR THAT LONG WITH THE RADIATION PROBLEM? 277 00:12:46,799 --> 00:12:49,660 AND THEN WE HAVE FOOD, WATER, ALL THOSE THINGS THAT WE TAKE 278 00:12:49,660 --> 00:12:53,509 FOR GRANTED HERE. 279 00:12:53,509 --> 00:13:02,069 >> WELL, WE ASTRONAUTS IN SPACE ARE GUINEA PIGS IN A CERTAIN 280 00:13:02,069 --> 00:13:03,069 WAY. 281 00:13:03,069 --> 00:13:07,569 AND ONE OF THE WAYS THAT WE HELP IN PLANNING THE MARS MISSION IS 282 00:13:07,569 --> 00:13:11,459 ALLOWING THE SCIENTISTS TO LOOK AT OUR BODY AND SEE WHAT HAPPENS 283 00:13:11,459 --> 00:13:14,129 WHEN YOU STAY IN MICROGRAVITY FOR A LONG TIME. 284 00:13:14,129 --> 00:13:16,239 >> RIGHT NOW WE HAVE SCOTT KELLY UP THERE FOR AN ENTIRE YEAR 285 00:13:16,239 --> 00:13:18,310 BECAUSE WE NEED TO PUSH BEYOND SIX MONTHS IF WE'RE GOING TO 286 00:13:18,310 --> 00:13:20,139 SEND SOMEONE TO MARS. 287 00:13:20,139 --> 00:13:21,920 THEN, WHAT'S GOING ON WITH OUR MACHINERY? 288 00:13:21,920 --> 00:13:23,040 HOW'S THE RELIABILITY? 289 00:13:23,040 --> 00:13:24,560 HOW'S OUR ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM? 290 00:13:24,560 --> 00:13:25,600 IS IT KEEPING US ALIVE? 291 00:13:25,600 --> 00:13:26,639 IS IT BREAKING DOWN? 292 00:13:26,639 --> 00:13:29,019 DO WE NEED SPARE PARTS? 293 00:13:29,019 --> 00:13:31,240 NOW WE'RE LOOKING AT 3D PRINTING, WHICH WILL HAVE A 294 00:13:31,240 --> 00:13:34,389 GREAT APPLICATION TO GO TO MARS. 295 00:13:34,389 --> 00:13:35,389 SO, EVERYTHING TOGETHER. 296 00:13:35,389 --> 00:13:37,629 IT'S THE HUMAN LIVING, IT'S THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, IT'S THE 297 00:13:37,629 --> 00:13:39,349 MACHINERY AND THE RELIABILITY. 298 00:13:39,349 --> 00:13:43,249 >> WHETHER IT BE RECYCLING THEIR URINE INTO DRINKING WATER OR 299 00:13:43,249 --> 00:13:47,799 FINDING WAYS TO BREAK DOWN WATER INTO HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN TO GIVE 300 00:13:47,799 --> 00:13:54,319 THEM BREATHING MATERIAL AND HOW TO GROW PLANTS IN SPACE SO THAT, 301 00:13:54,319 --> 00:13:57,609 PERHAPS THEY CAN EAT THEIR SALADS THAT THEY GROW IN THE 302 00:13:57,609 --> 00:13:58,609 SPACESHIP. 303 00:13:58,609 --> 00:14:01,230 SO, IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT FOR PEOPLE TO BE FOCUSING ON THE 304 00:14:01,230 --> 00:14:06,259 FUTURE WITH RECYCLING CAPABILITY AND WAYS TO ELIMINATE THE NEED 305 00:14:06,259 --> 00:14:10,509 TO CARRY BIG, MASSIVE THINGS INTO SPACE. 306 00:14:10,509 --> 00:14:13,149 >> WE'RE JOINED NOW BY MATT SHINDELL, A CURATOR AT THE 307 00:14:13,149 --> 00:14:15,470 NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM. 308 00:14:15,470 --> 00:14:17,759 WE'VE BEEN FASCINATED WITH MARS FOR A LONG TIME. 309 00:14:17,759 --> 00:14:19,579 WHY SUCH A FASCINATION WITH THE RED PLANET? 310 00:14:19,579 --> 00:14:22,319 >> WELL, I THINK THERE'S AT LEAST TWO QUESTIONS TO THAT. 311 00:14:22,319 --> 00:14:26,029 YOU KNOW, WHY HAVE WE ALWAYS REMAINED SO INTERESTED IN MARS? 312 00:14:26,029 --> 00:14:29,389 THE FIRST I THINK IS THAT MARS HAS DONE A REALLY GOOD JOB OF 313 00:14:29,389 --> 00:14:31,249 HOLDING ON TO ITS SECRETS. 314 00:14:31,249 --> 00:14:34,059 AND THE OTHER IS THAT DURING THE TIME THAT WE'VE BEEN OBSERVING 315 00:14:34,059 --> 00:14:38,540 IT, OUR IDEA OF WHAT MARS IS HAS SHIFTED DRAMATICALLY AT LEAST 316 00:14:38,540 --> 00:14:40,480 TWICE, PROBABLY MORE THAN THAT. 317 00:14:40,480 --> 00:14:43,870 I MEAN, KEEP IN MIND THAT THE EARLIEST OBSERVATIONS OF MARS 318 00:14:43,870 --> 00:14:46,759 WERE DONE JUST WITH THE NAKED EYE, AND THEY WERE ALSO DONE 319 00:14:46,759 --> 00:14:50,429 DURING A TIME WHEN WE DIDN'T EVEN REALLY HAVE A CONCEPT THAT 320 00:14:50,429 --> 00:14:52,480 EARTH AND MARS ORBITED THE SUN. 321 00:14:52,480 --> 00:14:56,709 SO, THE MOTIONS OF MARS IN THE NIGHT SKY, THIS SORT OF STAR 322 00:14:56,709 --> 00:14:59,850 THAT SEEMED TO MOVE, WERE MYSTERIOUS TO THE EARLY 323 00:14:59,850 --> 00:15:00,850 OBSERVERS. 324 00:15:00,850 --> 00:15:03,449 NOW, IN THE AGE OF THE TELESCOPE, THAT STARTED TO 325 00:15:03,449 --> 00:15:04,449 CHANGE. 326 00:15:04,449 --> 00:15:08,019 GALILEO LOOKED AT MARS THROUGH HIS TELESCOPE IN 1610, AND FROM 327 00:15:08,019 --> 00:15:11,560 THEN UP UNTIL THE MID-19th CENTURY, ASTRONOMERS KEPT 328 00:15:11,560 --> 00:15:16,059 LOOKING THROUGH BIGGER AND BETTER TELESCOPES AND EVEN BEGAN 329 00:15:16,059 --> 00:15:18,029 MAPPING THE SURFACE OF MARS. 330 00:15:18,029 --> 00:15:20,420 THERE WAS ONE MAIN PROBLEM, THOUGH, DURING THAT TIME, WHICH 331 00:15:20,420 --> 00:15:23,560 WAS THAT, YOU KNOW, WHEN YOU'RE LOOKING AT MARS FROM THE EARTH, 332 00:15:23,560 --> 00:15:26,001 YOU HAVE TO LOOK THROUGH THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE, AND THAT 333 00:15:26,001 --> 00:15:29,369 MAKES MARS LOOK BLURRY, PRETTY MUCH NO MATTER HOW GOOD YOUR 334 00:15:29,369 --> 00:15:30,369 TELESCOPE IS. 335 00:15:30,369 --> 00:15:34,470 NOW, WE'RE IN THE 19th CENTURY, SO THE BIGGEST SORT OF PROMOTER 336 00:15:34,470 --> 00:15:37,649 OF THE IDEA THAT MARS WAS AN INTERESTING PLACE, THAT IT MIGHT 337 00:15:37,649 --> 00:15:41,839 BE THE ABODE OF LIFE, WAS AN ASTRONOMERED IN PERCIVAL LOWELL 338 00:15:41,839 --> 00:15:45,479 WHO CAME FROM A PROMINENT BOSKONAN FAMILY. 339 00:15:45,479 --> 00:15:48,019 AND LOWELL DECIDED HE WOULD BUILD AN OBSERVATORY IN 340 00:15:48,019 --> 00:15:51,139 FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA, WHERE HE THOUGHT THE ALTITUDE WAS HIGH 341 00:15:51,139 --> 00:15:54,240 ENOUGH AND THE ATMOSPHERE THIN ENOUGH THAT HE WOULD FINALLY GET 342 00:15:54,240 --> 00:15:57,239 A CLEAR LOOK AT WHAT THE SURFACE OF MARS LOOKED LIKE. 343 00:15:57,239 --> 00:16:02,149 AND WHAT WE HAVE HERE IS A GLOBE THAT LOWELL HAD MADE IN 1905, 344 00:16:02,149 --> 00:16:06,009 SHOWING WHAT HE SAW OR THOUGHT HE SAW THROUGH THE TELESCOPE 345 00:16:06,009 --> 00:16:07,009 WHILE LOOKING AT MARS. 346 00:16:07,009 --> 00:16:09,800 AND YOU CAN SEE IT'S A SYSTEM OF CANALS. 347 00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:12,629 AND WHAT LOWELL THOUGHT HE WAS SEEING HERE WAS EVIDENCE OF 348 00:16:12,629 --> 00:16:17,139 EXTRATERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENT LIFE, BASICALLY, A CIVILIZATION 349 00:16:17,139 --> 00:16:20,629 THAT WAS DEALING WITH AN ECOLOGICAL CRISIS AND TRYING TO 350 00:16:20,629 --> 00:16:23,859 KEEP THEIR PLANET ALIVE THROUGH, YOU KNOW, HUGE FEATS OF 351 00:16:23,859 --> 00:16:25,759 ENGINEERING. 352 00:16:25,759 --> 00:16:30,249 SO, LOWELL'S VISION OF MARS SPARKED, YOU KNOW, A LOT OF 353 00:16:30,249 --> 00:16:32,259 INTEREST IN THE HUMAN IMAGINATION. 354 00:16:32,259 --> 00:16:35,720 BUT UNFORTUNATELY, HE WASN'T REALLY SEEING THIS. 355 00:16:35,720 --> 00:16:38,809 AND WE HAVE AN IMAGE FROM MARINER 4. 356 00:16:38,809 --> 00:16:44,319 IN 1965, NASA SENT MARINER 4 TO FLY BY MARS, AND WHAT IT SENT 357 00:16:44,319 --> 00:16:48,189 BACK WERE THESE PICTURES OF A VERY DESOLATE LOOKING MARS, 358 00:16:48,189 --> 00:16:51,089 HEAVILY CRATERED, LIKE OUR EARTH, AND REALLY LOOKING LIKE 359 00:16:51,089 --> 00:16:55,109 IT MIGHT NOT EACH BE THAT SCIENTIFICALLY INTERESTING. 360 00:16:55,109 --> 00:16:58,930 BUT THEN WE SENT MARINER 9 IN 1971, AND MARINER 9 WENT INTO 361 00:16:58,930 --> 00:17:00,609 ORBIT AROUND MARS. 362 00:17:00,609 --> 00:17:04,520 IT MAPPED THE SURFACE OF MARS PHOTOGRAPHICALLY AND SENT BACK 363 00:17:04,520 --> 00:17:06,510 PICTURES OF MUCH MORE INTERESTING MARS. 364 00:17:06,510 --> 00:17:10,110 IN FACT, WHEN MARINER 9 FIRST ARRIVED AT MARS, THE WHOLE PLAN 365 00:17:10,110 --> 00:17:13,929 YET WAS COVERED IN A PLANETWIDE DUST STORM AND THEY COULDN'T SEE 366 00:17:13,929 --> 00:17:17,419 ANYTHING, BUT AS THE DUST STORM SLOWLY SUBSIDED, IT REVEALED 367 00:17:17,419 --> 00:17:21,069 HUGE VOLCANOS, THE LARGEST VOLCANO IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM, 368 00:17:21,069 --> 00:17:26,679 OLYMPUS MONS, AND A CANYON SYSTEM THAT IS ABOUT AS WIDE AS 369 00:17:26,679 --> 00:17:31,080 THE ENTIRE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, VALLES MARINERIS, SO IT 370 00:17:31,080 --> 00:17:35,970 WAS A DYNAMIC PLANET BUT VERY DIFFERENT FROM LOWELL'S VERSION 371 00:17:35,970 --> 00:17:37,559 OF MARS, RIGHT? 372 00:17:37,559 --> 00:17:40,730 IT WAS NO LONGER AS MYSTERIOUS, BUT IT WAS NOW SORT OF A PUZZLE 373 00:17:40,730 --> 00:17:43,659 WITH ITS OWN GEOLOGIC HISTORY, AND WE'VE BEEN TRYING TO UNLOCK 374 00:17:43,659 --> 00:17:44,659 THAT EVER SINCE. 375 00:17:44,659 --> 00:17:45,659 >> AWESOME. 376 00:17:45,659 --> 00:17:46,659 WELL, ARE YOU READY FOR A COUPLE QUESTIONS? 377 00:17:46,659 --> 00:17:47,659 >> SURE. 378 00:17:47,659 --> 00:17:49,720 >> WE HAVE A FRIEND AT SOUTH VALLEY MIDDLE SCHOOL WITH A 379 00:17:49,720 --> 00:17:50,820 QUESTION. 380 00:17:50,820 --> 00:17:53,730 >> MY NAME IS JULIA, AND MY QUESTION IS, WHY ARE SO MANY OF 381 00:17:53,730 --> 00:17:56,749 THE SCIENCE FICTION BOOKS BASED OFF OF MARS? 382 00:17:56,749 --> 00:18:00,150 >> WELL, I THINK THE ANSWER REALLY LIES, AT LEAST IN PART, 383 00:18:00,150 --> 00:18:04,000 WITH LOWELL AND THAT STORY I WAS JUST TELLING YOU, THAT THE HUMAN 384 00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:07,400 IMAGINATION WAS REALLY SPARKED BY THE IDEA THAT THERE COULD BE 385 00:18:07,400 --> 00:18:09,769 LIFE ON MARS, THAT THERE COULD BE ANOTHER INTELLIGENT 386 00:18:09,769 --> 00:18:14,860 CIVILIZATION NEARBY AND THAT WE COULD, SOMEHOW, SOME DAY 387 00:18:14,860 --> 00:18:16,259 INTERACT WITH THAT CIVILIZATION. 388 00:18:16,259 --> 00:18:17,710 SO, H.G. 389 00:18:17,710 --> 00:18:20,910 WELLS IN HIS "WAR OF THE WORLDS," RAY BRADBURY IN HIS 390 00:18:20,910 --> 00:18:24,890 "MARTIAN CHRONICLES," BOTH AUTHORS IN THEIR WORKS USED THIS 391 00:18:24,890 --> 00:18:29,590 IDEA OF AN ANCIENT MARTIAN CIVILIZATION THAT WE MIGHT ONE 392 00:18:29,590 --> 00:18:31,389 DAY HAVE TO DEAL WITH IN SOME WAY. 393 00:18:31,389 --> 00:18:32,389 >> COOL, ALL RIGHT. 394 00:18:32,389 --> 00:18:34,059 WE'VE GOT AN ONLINE QUESTION NEXT. 395 00:18:34,059 --> 00:18:37,640 DO YOU THINK MARS WILL EVER BE COLONIZED? 396 00:18:37,640 --> 00:18:40,910 >> THAT'S A VERY DIFFICULT QUESTION TO ANSWER, AND THE 397 00:18:40,910 --> 00:18:45,310 TRUTH IS THAT MARS IS AN INCREDIBLY INHOSPITABLE, AND IT 398 00:18:45,310 --> 00:18:49,290 WOULD TAKE A GREAT DEAL OF RESOURCES TO MAKE IT HOSPITABLE. 399 00:18:49,290 --> 00:18:53,350 SO, IF WE EVER DO COLONIZE IT, IT WOULD BE IN A VERY LIMITED 400 00:18:53,350 --> 00:18:55,520 WAY, PROBABLY IN SOME KIND OF SELF-CONTAINED ENVIRONMENT. 401 00:18:55,520 --> 00:18:56,520 >> OKAY. 402 00:18:56,520 --> 00:18:58,780 WE'VE GOT AN AUDIENCE QUESTION NEXT. 403 00:18:58,780 --> 00:19:02,039 >> WHAT IS YOUR FAVORITE MARS SCI-FI? 404 00:19:02,039 --> 00:19:04,529 >> I THINK FOR THIS TIME OF YEAR, BECAUSE IT'S OCTOBER AND 405 00:19:04,529 --> 00:19:07,120 HALLOWEEN IS COMING UP, RAY BRADBURY'S "THE MARTIAN 406 00:19:07,120 --> 00:19:10,010 CHRONICLES" IS PROBABLY MY FAVORITE PIECE OF MARTIAN 407 00:19:10,010 --> 00:19:11,010 SCI-FI. 408 00:19:11,010 --> 00:19:15,440 IT EVEN INCLUDES A SORT OF RETELLING OF EDGAR ALLAN POE'S 409 00:19:15,440 --> 00:19:18,990 "FALL OF THE HOUSE OF USHER" USING ROBOTS AND A MECHANICAL 410 00:19:18,990 --> 00:19:20,159 HAUNTED HOUSE. 411 00:19:20,159 --> 00:19:23,159 SO, FOR THIS SEASON, THAT WOULD DEFINITELY BE MY CHOICE. 412 00:19:23,159 --> 00:19:24,159 >> AWESOME. 413 00:19:24,159 --> 00:19:26,130 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR TALKING WITH US ABOUT OUR FASCINATION 414 00:19:26,130 --> 00:19:28,549 WITH MARS THROUGHOUT HISTORY, BUT LET'S GO BACK OVER TO BETH 415 00:19:28,549 --> 00:19:30,620 AND JOHN AND LEARN MORE ABOUT MARS TODAY. 416 00:19:30,620 --> 00:19:31,620 >> GREAT. 417 00:19:31,620 --> 00:19:36,130 >> SO, JOHN, WHERE ARE ALL OF THESE ROBOTS THAT WE'VE PUT ON 418 00:19:36,130 --> 00:19:37,130 MARS? 419 00:19:37,130 --> 00:19:39,380 >> WELL, THE ONES THAT HAVE LANDED ON MARS ARE IN DIFFERENT 420 00:19:39,380 --> 00:19:42,360 LOCATIONS, DEPENDING ON WHAT THE GOAL OF THE MISSION WAS. 421 00:19:42,360 --> 00:19:45,889 THE MAP THAT YOU SEE HERE SHOWS, FOR EXAMPLE, WHERE OUR ROVERS 422 00:19:45,889 --> 00:19:48,789 ARE, OPPORTUNITY AND SPIRIT, THE MARS EXPLORATION ROVERS. 423 00:19:48,789 --> 00:19:51,600 THEY WERE REALLY GOING AFTER UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF WATER 424 00:19:51,600 --> 00:19:54,110 IN SHAPING THE SURFACE OF MARS. 425 00:19:54,110 --> 00:19:56,929 CURIOSITY'S KIND OF BETWEEN THE TWO, AND IT'S THE SORT OF BIG 426 00:19:56,929 --> 00:19:59,120 SISTER, IF YOU WILL, THAT'S REALLY GOING AFTER THE QUESTION 427 00:19:59,120 --> 00:20:00,989 OF WHETHER MARS MIGHT HAVE BEEN HABITABLE. 428 00:20:00,989 --> 00:20:03,720 >> NOW, WHAT DID SPIRIT AND OPPORTUNITY FIND THAT WAS 429 00:20:03,720 --> 00:20:05,250 PARTICULARLY INTERESTING? 430 00:20:05,250 --> 00:20:07,929 >> WELL, STARTING WITH SPIRIT, WE LANDED IN A PLACE CALLED 431 00:20:07,929 --> 00:20:09,289 GUSEV CRATER. 432 00:20:09,289 --> 00:20:12,490 AND AFTER DRIVING FOR A WHILE, DISCOVERED THESE LAYERED ROCKS 433 00:20:12,490 --> 00:20:15,759 THAT ALSO SHOW THROUGH THEIR CHEMISTRY AND THEIR FORM THAT 434 00:20:15,759 --> 00:20:18,590 THEY WERE ACTUALLY IN PLACE DURING A VOLCANIC ERUPTION 435 00:20:18,590 --> 00:20:22,590 THROUGH SEDIMENTS THAT WERE AT LEAST FOR SOME TIME WET. 436 00:20:22,590 --> 00:20:25,839 >> AND HOW LONG HAVE THESE BEEN RUNNING? 437 00:20:25,839 --> 00:20:26,879 >> THEY'VE BEEN RUNNING A LONG TIME. 438 00:20:26,879 --> 00:20:30,110 FOR EXAMPLE, SPIRIT WAS GOING FOR A LONG TIME, SUCH THAT ONE 439 00:20:30,110 --> 00:20:32,920 OF THE SIX WHEELS STOPPED WORKING AND WE WERE DRAGGING IT, 440 00:20:32,920 --> 00:20:35,799 AND THAT TURNED OUT TO BE SORT OF A LEMONADE OUT OF LEMONS 441 00:20:35,799 --> 00:20:38,500 SITUATION, WHERE AS YOU CAN SEE FROM THIS BRIGHT WHITE STREAK 442 00:20:38,500 --> 00:20:42,080 HERE, AS THE WHEEL WAS SCRAPING ACROSS THE SURFACE, GETTING THE 443 00:20:42,080 --> 00:20:45,120 DUST OUT OF THE WAY, WE FOUND THIS MATERIAL CALLED SILICA, AND 444 00:20:45,120 --> 00:20:49,250 THAT SILICA WAS IN PLACE IN A STEAM VENT OR MAYBE EVEN SOME 445 00:20:49,250 --> 00:20:52,029 SORT OF FUMEROL AROUND A VOLCANIC CENTER, LIKE I SHOWED 446 00:20:52,029 --> 00:20:55,170 YOU BEFORE, AND SHOWED THIS PLACE MIGHT HAVE BEEN ONCE LIKE 447 00:20:55,170 --> 00:21:00,120 A MINIATURE SORT OF YELLOWSTONE, HOT AND WET AND, PERHAPS, MAYBE 448 00:21:00,120 --> 00:21:01,120 HABITABLE. 449 00:21:01,120 --> 00:21:02,820 >> AND IS OPPORTUNITY STILL RUNNING? 450 00:21:02,820 --> 00:21:05,330 >> OPPORTUNITY, AFTER 11†1/2-PLUS YEARS, IS STILL 451 00:21:05,330 --> 00:21:06,679 CRANKING ALONG. 452 00:21:06,679 --> 00:21:07,920 HERE'S A VIEW LOOKING BACK. 453 00:21:07,920 --> 00:21:10,140 YOU CAN SEE OUR TRACKS FADING IN THE DISTANCE. 454 00:21:10,140 --> 00:21:13,100 AS WE'VE BEEN DRIVING ALONG, THE RIM OF A VERY LARGE CRATER 455 00:21:13,100 --> 00:21:15,940 CALLED ENDEAVOR CRATER, TRYING TO UNDERSTAND THE ANCIENT 456 00:21:15,940 --> 00:21:17,729 GEOLOGY OF MARS. 457 00:21:17,729 --> 00:21:20,330 >> NOW, HOW LONG WERE THEY SUPPOSED TO RUN? 458 00:21:20,330 --> 00:21:23,120 >> THEY WERE SUPPOSED TO LAST ABOUT THREE MONTHS, 90 SOLS, 459 00:21:23,120 --> 00:21:26,070 WHICH IS JUST A LITTLE BIT LONGER THAN 90 EARTH DAYS. 460 00:21:26,070 --> 00:21:29,570 BUT AS YOU CAN SEE, WE'VE BEEN TRAVERSING VERY INCREDIBLE 461 00:21:29,570 --> 00:21:30,570 TERRAIN. 462 00:21:30,570 --> 00:21:32,409 THIS IS STILL ON THE RIM OF ENDEAVOR CRATER. 463 00:21:32,409 --> 00:21:34,620 THIS IS A PLACE CALLED MARATHON VALLEY. 464 00:21:34,620 --> 00:21:37,240 AND IF YOU LOOK CAREFULLY, YOU CAN SEE COLOR VARIATIONS WITHIN 465 00:21:37,240 --> 00:21:41,259 THE VALLEY THAT WE THINK ARE SOMEHOW RELATED TO OCCURRENCE OF 466 00:21:41,259 --> 00:21:44,710 CLAY THAT WE SEE FROM ORBIT THAT TELLS US THAT WATER WAS HERE FOR 467 00:21:44,710 --> 00:21:48,630 AN EXTENDED PERIOD AND THAT THAT WATER EXISTED IN A FORM THAT 468 00:21:48,630 --> 00:21:52,070 WASN'T TOO ACIDIC, WASN'T TOO BASIC, BUT MAYBE JUST RIGHT AND 469 00:21:52,070 --> 00:21:55,370 MIGHT BE, AGAIN, REPRESENTING THE SORT OF HABITABLE CONDITIONS 470 00:21:55,370 --> 00:21:56,919 EARLY IN MARS' HISTORY. 471 00:21:56,919 --> 00:22:00,029 >> AND CURIOSITY'S DOING SOMETHING DIFFERENT. 472 00:22:00,029 --> 00:22:02,680 >> CURIOSITY'S BUILDING ON THE RESULTS OF THE MARS EXPLORATION 473 00:22:02,680 --> 00:22:05,440 ROVERS AND REALLY GOING AFTER HABITABILITY. 474 00:22:05,440 --> 00:22:07,720 FOR EXAMPLE, WHAT YOU SEE HERE IN THIS SLIDE ARE A BUNCH OF 475 00:22:07,720 --> 00:22:10,679 LAYERED ROCKS THAT ARE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS THAT IN THIS 476 00:22:10,679 --> 00:22:14,559 CASE WE KNOW NOW FROM EXPLORATION WERE DEPOSITED AS 477 00:22:14,559 --> 00:22:19,110 WATER DRAINED DOWN THE WALL OF THE LARGE CRATER THAT WE WERE IN 478 00:22:19,110 --> 00:22:22,700 AND DEPOSITED THEM AS SEDIMENTS FLOWING INTO A LAKE, AND THE 479 00:22:22,700 --> 00:22:26,009 LAYERED ROCKS THAT YOU SEE HERE NOW WE'RE CURRENTLY EXPLORING 480 00:22:26,009 --> 00:22:29,090 AND TRYING TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THEY REPRESENT ABOUT A CHANGE IN 481 00:22:29,090 --> 00:22:32,850 ENVIRONMENT FROM THAT EARLY LAKE ENVIRONMENT WITHIN GALE CRATER. 482 00:22:32,850 --> 00:22:34,059 >> SHOULD WE TAKE SOME QUESTIONS? 483 00:22:34,059 --> 00:22:35,059 >> LET'S DO. 484 00:22:35,059 --> 00:22:36,480 >> LET'S TAKE SOME QUESTIONS. 485 00:22:36,480 --> 00:22:39,850 >> MY NAME'S RILEY, AND MY QUESTION IS, WHY IS MARS RED? 486 00:22:39,850 --> 00:22:41,760 >> WHY IS MARS RED? 487 00:22:41,760 --> 00:22:43,480 >> MARS IS RED BECAUSE IT'S RUSTIC. 488 00:22:43,480 --> 00:22:45,090 I GREW UP IN NORTHERN NEW YORK. 489 00:22:45,090 --> 00:22:48,120 IT SHOWED A LOT AND THEY USED TO PUT SALT ON THE ROADS AND MY CAR 490 00:22:48,120 --> 00:22:49,279 WOULD RUST. 491 00:22:49,279 --> 00:22:52,100 AND THE SAME THING IS HAPPENING TO THE IRON MINERALS IN THE 492 00:22:52,100 --> 00:22:53,100 ROCKS ON MARS. 493 00:22:53,100 --> 00:22:54,100 THEY'RE RUSTING. 494 00:22:54,100 --> 00:22:55,370 AND THAT'S WHAT GIVES IT ITS REDDISH COLOR. 495 00:22:55,370 --> 00:22:58,529 >> AND WE HAVE AN ONLINE QUESTION. 496 00:22:58,529 --> 00:23:02,220 HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO TRAVEL TO MARS? 497 00:23:02,220 --> 00:23:03,639 >> IT TAKES MONTHS. 498 00:23:03,639 --> 00:23:07,950 AND EVEN WHEN MARS IS AS CLOSE TO THE EARTH AS IT CAN BE, AS WE 499 00:23:07,950 --> 00:23:11,299 HEARD FROM OUR ASTRONAUTS EARLIER, THIS IS NOT A TRIP THAT 500 00:23:11,299 --> 00:23:14,330 IS FOR THE FAINT OF HEART OR FOR THE IMPATIENT. 501 00:23:14,330 --> 00:23:17,820 IT'S A LONG, LONG WAYS AWAY, TENS OF MILLIONS OF MILES, AND 502 00:23:17,820 --> 00:23:21,380 IT TAKES ANYWHERE FROM, YOU KNOW, SIX TO PERHAPS NINE OR TEN 503 00:23:21,380 --> 00:23:22,380 MONTHS. 504 00:23:22,380 --> 00:23:25,690 >> AND WE HAVE ONE OF OUR AUDIENCE MEMBERS HAS A QUESTION 505 00:23:25,690 --> 00:23:26,690 FOR YOU. 506 00:23:26,690 --> 00:23:34,629 >> MY NAME IS ROSHONDA, AND MY QUESTION IS, HOW DO YOU KNOW 507 00:23:34,629 --> 00:23:37,150 WHAT ROCKS ON MARS ARE MADE OF? 508 00:23:37,150 --> 00:23:41,179 >> HOW DO YOU KNOW WHAT ROCKS ON MARS ARE MADE OF? 509 00:23:41,179 --> 00:23:42,600 >> WE DO A COUPLE OF DIFFERENT THINGS. 510 00:23:42,600 --> 00:23:45,759 WE ACTUALLY ANALYZE THE ROCKS DIRECTLY TO UNDERSTAND WHAT'S 511 00:23:45,759 --> 00:23:46,759 WITHIN THEM. 512 00:23:46,759 --> 00:23:49,279 WE TAKE SAMPLES WITH CURIOSITY AND DO THAT. 513 00:23:49,279 --> 00:23:51,799 BUT WE ALSO DO IT THROUGH SOMETHING CALLED REMOTE SENSING, 514 00:23:51,799 --> 00:23:54,879 WHERE WE USE CAMERAS AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS THAT LOOK AT 515 00:23:54,879 --> 00:23:58,440 DIFFERENT WAVE LENGTHS OF LIGHT AND CAN TELL HOW THE DIFFERENT 516 00:23:58,440 --> 00:24:01,700 COMPOSITIONS REFLECT LIGHT DIFFERENTLY, JUST LIKE MY HAND 517 00:24:01,700 --> 00:24:03,370 IS A DIFFERENT COLOR THAN THIS WOOD. 518 00:24:03,370 --> 00:24:06,330 THERE'S INFORMATION THERE ABOUT WHAT THOSE DIFFERENT THINGS ARE 519 00:24:06,330 --> 00:24:07,330 MADE OF. 520 00:24:07,330 --> 00:24:09,899 >> LET'S TAKE ANOTHER VIDEO QUESTION. 521 00:24:09,899 --> 00:24:12,200 >> MY NAME'S DESTINY AND MY QUESTION IS, HOW LONG IS A DAY 522 00:24:15,359 --> 00:24:14,000 ON MARS? 523 00:24:15,359 --> 00:24:18,370 >> WELL, AT FIRST GLANCE, IT'S ABOUT THE SAME AS AN EARTH DAY, 524 00:24:18,370 --> 00:24:20,870 BUT IT'S ACTUALLY ABOUT 40 MINUTES LONGER, AND THAT REALLY 525 00:24:20,870 --> 00:24:23,459 MESSES WITH YOU WHEN YOU'RE TRYING TO WORK ON MARS TIME. 526 00:24:23,459 --> 00:24:25,039 >> DO YOU WORK ON MARS TIME? 527 00:24:25,039 --> 00:24:26,100 >> USED TO WORK ON MARS TIME. 528 00:24:26,100 --> 00:24:28,539 WHEN THESE MISSIONS FIRST STARTED OPERATING ON THE SURFACE 529 00:24:28,539 --> 00:24:30,590 FOR THREE OR FOUR MONTHS, WE DID. 530 00:24:30,590 --> 00:24:33,879 BUT THE PROBLEM IS, EVERY TWO WEEKS, YOU GO THROUGH A WHOLE 531 00:24:33,879 --> 00:24:35,510 CYCLE OF AN EARTH DAY. 532 00:24:35,510 --> 00:24:39,889 YOU MIGHT START ON THE FIRST DAY AT 8:00 A.M., BUT A WEEK LATER, 533 00:24:39,889 --> 00:24:41,370 YOU'RE AT 8:00 P.M. 534 00:24:41,370 --> 00:24:42,370 AT NIGHT. 535 00:24:42,370 --> 00:24:43,370 >> THAT DOESN'T SOUND LIKE A LOT OF FUN. 536 00:24:43,370 --> 00:24:45,230 >> IT'S NOT A LOT OF FUN, BECAUSE IT'S NOT LIKE GETTING ON 537 00:24:45,230 --> 00:24:47,429 A PLANE AND GETTING OFF SIX HOURS LATER AND BEING 538 00:24:47,429 --> 00:24:48,429 JET-LAGGED. 539 00:24:48,429 --> 00:24:51,140 IT CHANGES EVERY SINGLE DAY. 540 00:24:51,140 --> 00:24:55,399 >> WELL, WE ARE DOING RESEARCH TO GET US TO MARS, AND WE 541 00:24:55,399 --> 00:24:59,139 VISITED NASA HEADQUARTERS, WHERE THEY HAVE SOMETHING REALLY COOL 542 00:24:59,139 --> 00:25:00,139 THAT WE SHOULD TAKE A LOOK AT. 543 00:25:00,139 --> 00:25:01,330 >> LET'S DO. 544 00:25:01,330 --> 00:25:04,110 >> I'M HERE AT NASA HEADQUARTERS AND I'M JOINED BY MARSHALL 545 00:25:04,110 --> 00:25:05,110 PORTERFIELD. 546 00:25:05,110 --> 00:25:07,639 NOW, WE'RE STANDING IN FRONT OF VEGGIE, THE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION 547 00:25:07,639 --> 00:25:08,639 SYSTEM. 548 00:25:08,639 --> 00:25:09,799 CAN YOU TELL ME ABOUT THIS? 549 00:25:09,799 --> 00:25:13,249 >> THIS IS A DEMONSTRATION UNIT, A MOCK-UP OF THE EXACT HARDWARE 550 00:25:13,249 --> 00:25:15,730 SYSTEM THAT'S OPERATIONAL RIGHT NOW ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE 551 00:25:15,730 --> 00:25:16,730 STATION. 552 00:25:16,730 --> 00:25:18,510 WE'RE USING IT RIGHT NOW TO DEMONSTRATE OUR ABILITY TO GROW 553 00:25:18,510 --> 00:25:21,830 PLANTS IN SPACE AND ALSO PRODUCE VEGETABLE CROPS, WHICH CAN BE 554 00:25:21,830 --> 00:25:23,080 USED TO FEED THE CREW. 555 00:25:23,080 --> 00:25:25,610 >> NOW, THE LIGHT IN HERE IS VERY WEIRD LOOKING. 556 00:25:25,610 --> 00:25:26,610 WHY IS THAT? 557 00:25:26,610 --> 00:25:31,110 >> WELL, THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF EFFICIENCY FOR SPACE FLIGHT 558 00:25:31,110 --> 00:25:32,290 HARDWARE. 559 00:25:32,290 --> 00:25:36,860 SO, WE'RE USING RED AND BLUE LIGHT TO FEED PHOTOSYNTHETIC 560 00:25:36,860 --> 00:25:38,210 LIGHT TO THE PLANTS. 561 00:25:38,210 --> 00:25:41,120 AND IT'S DESIGNED VERY PRECISELY TO FEED THE WAVE LENGTH OF THE 562 00:25:41,120 --> 00:25:44,820 LIGHT THAT THE PLANTS REQUIRE FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS ONLY AS 563 00:25:44,820 --> 00:25:47,910 OPPOSED TO WHITE LIGHT, WHICH WOULD INCLUDE GREEN WAVE 564 00:25:47,910 --> 00:25:50,769 LENGTHS, WHICH WOULD SIMPLY BOUNCE OFF, BE REFLECTED BACK 565 00:25:50,769 --> 00:25:52,070 OFF THE PLANT. 566 00:25:52,070 --> 00:25:55,840 SO, IT'S AN EXAMPLE OF ELECTRICAL EFFICIENCY AND 567 00:25:55,840 --> 00:25:56,840 PHOTOSYNTHESIS. 568 00:25:56,840 --> 00:25:58,890 >> SO, THAT'S WHY THE PLANTS IN THERE LOOK KIND OF DULL, RATHER 569 00:25:58,890 --> 00:26:01,769 THAN THE BRIGHT GREEN WE'RE USED TO WHEN WE SEE PLANTS. 570 00:26:01,769 --> 00:26:03,230 >> THAT'S WHY. 571 00:26:03,230 --> 00:26:05,390 THERE'S NO GREEN PHOTONS BEING WASTED. 572 00:26:05,390 --> 00:26:06,390 >> AWESOME. 573 00:26:06,390 --> 00:26:09,059 NOW, HOW IS THIS A STEP TOWARDS A FUTURE TRIP TO MARS? 574 00:26:09,059 --> 00:26:11,370 >> WELL, WE REALLY WANTED TO DEMONSTRATE OUR ABILITY TO GROW 575 00:26:11,370 --> 00:26:12,370 VEGETABLE CROP. 576 00:26:12,370 --> 00:26:16,450 WE WANTED TO ALSO DEMONSTRATE THAT THE PLANTS THAT WE DO 577 00:26:16,450 --> 00:26:20,950 PRODUCE ARE HEALTHY AND ARE FREE OF PATHOGENS IN A SPACE FLIGHT 578 00:26:20,950 --> 00:26:22,120 ENVIRONMENT. 579 00:26:22,120 --> 00:26:24,940 THIS DEMONSTRATES OUR ABILITY TO BE ABLE TO GROW THOSE TYPES OF 580 00:26:24,940 --> 00:26:28,120 CROP, WHICH ARE GOING TO BE IMPORTANT IN LONG-DURATION HUMAN 581 00:26:28,120 --> 00:26:31,750 MISSIONS, NOT ONLY FOR THE PLANTS TO PRODUCE NUTRITIOUS 582 00:26:31,750 --> 00:26:36,610 FOOD, RECYCLE THE ATMOSPHERE, PRODUCE CO2 AND OXYGEN, BUT ALSO 583 00:26:36,610 --> 00:26:40,710 FOR THE PSYCHOLOGICAL COMFORT OF HAVING A PIECE OF HOME. 584 00:26:40,710 --> 00:26:43,460 WE RECENTLY GREW A CROP OF LETTUCE ON THE INTERNATIONAL 585 00:26:43,460 --> 00:26:46,090 SPACE STATION AND WE PROVIDED THE CREW WITH A LITTLE BIT OF 586 00:26:46,090 --> 00:26:50,030 VINAIGRETTE SALAD DRESSING, AND THEY SAY THAT THEY ENJOYED THAT 587 00:26:50,030 --> 00:26:51,070 EXPERIENCE QUITE A BIT. 588 00:26:51,070 --> 00:26:52,070 >> AWESOME. 589 00:26:52,070 --> 00:26:53,190 WELL, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR TALKING WITH US. 590 00:26:53,190 --> 00:26:54,379 >> NO PROBLEM. 591 00:26:54,379 --> 00:26:58,700 >> WELL, IT LOOKS LIKE WE STILL HAVE A LOT OF WORK BEFORE WE GET 592 00:26:58,700 --> 00:27:00,280 TO MARS. 593 00:27:00,280 --> 00:27:01,840 >> BUT WE ARE HEADED IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION. 594 00:27:01,840 --> 00:27:02,840 >> MAYBE THEY'LL MAKE IT. 595 00:27:02,840 --> 00:27:04,649 MAYBE WE'LL SEE SOME OF OUR FRIENDS UP THERE. 596 00:27:04,649 --> 00:27:05,649 >> MAYBE THEY'LL MAKE IT. 597 00:27:05,649 --> 00:27:09,249 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR TELLING US ABOUT YOUR WORK ON 598 00:27:09,249 --> 00:27:10,249 RESEARCHING MARS. 599 00:27:10,249 --> 00:27:11,389 >> THANK YOU, BETH, FOR HAVING ME. 600 00:27:11,389 --> 00:27:15,039 >> NOW, NEXT MONTH, ON NOVEMBER 18th, WE WILL BE LOOKING AT 15 601 00:27:15,039 --> 00:27:17,179 YEARS ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. 602 00:27:17,179 --> 00:27:18,519 CHECK THIS OUT. 603 00:27:18,519 --> 00:27:23,200 >> CHECK THIS OUT! 604 00:27:23,200 --> 00:27:24,710 THAT'S BUZZ LIGHTYEAR! 605 00:27:24,710 --> 00:27:26,480 BUT NOT ANY BUZZ LIGHTYEAR. 606 00:27:26,480 --> 00:27:30,590 THIS GUY SPENT 15 MONTHS ABOARD THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 607 00:27:30,590 --> 00:27:34,740 250 MILES UP, AND HE DIDN'T JUST GO ALONG FOR THE RIDE. 608 00:27:34,740 --> 00:27:37,710 HE WAS UP THERE HELPING WITH MICROGRAVITY EXPERIENCE. 609 00:27:37,710 --> 00:27:40,320 THIS GUY'S ON DISPLAY AT THE "MOVING BEYOND EARTH" GALLERY AT 610 00:27:40,320 --> 00:27:43,330 THE NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM IN WASHINGTON, D.C. 611 00:27:43,330 --> 00:27:45,750 AND IF YOU THINK THIS IS INTERESTING, BE SURE TO CHECK 612 00:27:45,750 --> 00:27:49,900 OUT "STEM IN 30." 613 00:27:49,900 --> 00:27:53,020 >> WELL, WE WANT TO THANK EVERYBODY FOR WATCHING TODAY, 614 00:27:53,020 --> 00:27:55,809 AND WE WANT TO THANK NASA FOR SPONSORING US, AND WE WANT TO 615 00:27:55,809 --> 00:27:56,809 THANK OUR FRIENDS HERE.